Land surface models (LSMs) are numerical models that simulate the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. These models incorporate various processes such as vegetation dynamics, soil moisture, snow cover, and surface energy balance to represent the complex interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere. LSMs are used in climate and weather forecasting, hydrological modeling, and ecosystem studies to improve our understanding of the Earth's land-atmosphere interactions and their impact on weather patterns, climate change, and ecosystem dynamics. By simulating these processes, LSMs help researchers and policymakers make more informed decisions regarding land management, water resources, and climate policy.